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What are the commonly used refractory materials?

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2022-05-20 17:07

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Functional refractories are precision‑manufactured refractory materials designed for specialized applications and capable of fulfilling specific functional requirements. Compared with conventional refractory products, they are distinguished by their dedicated roles in metallurgical processes; they are typically used as individual components or in combination with other auxiliary refractory products, and their fabrication adheres strictly to established production processes. Functional refractories emerged alongside the development of continuous casting technology in the steel industry and are more accurately termed “functional refractories for continuous casting.” At present, the principal refractory products employed in continuous casting include slide gates, long nozzles…

Functional refractories are refractory materials manufactured through precision processes, designed for use in specialized applications and capable of fulfilling specific functional requirements. Compared with conventional refractory products, they are distinguished by their dedicated functional roles in metallurgical processes; they are typically employed as standalone components or in combination with other auxiliary refractory products, and their fabrication is tailored to meet the demands of their intended production processes.

Functional refractories are a specialized class of refractory materials that emerged with the development of continuous casting technology in the steel metallurgy industry; more precisely, they should be referred to as functional refractories for continuous casting. Currently, the main refractory products used in continuous casting include slide gates, long nozzles, monolithic stoppers, submerged entry nozzles (commonly known as the “three major components” of continuous casting), tapered nozzles, and permeable bricks. Each product performs a specific function during service, such as controlling flow, providing gas‑blowing agitation, preventing secondary oxidation to protect the casting process, or determining the distribution of the molten steel flow field within the mold. The use of these refractories is one of the critical prerequisites for ensuring the smooth operation of the continuous casting process.

Breathable brick type:

It is primarily used in ladles, installed at the ladle bottom. Argon gas is blown into the ladle through porous plugs; as the argon bubbles rise, they stir the molten steel, ensuring uniform temperature and composition throughout the ladle.

Converter overall tapping spout:

The integrated taphole for converter steelmaking is designed for use in converter tapping operations. It is installed via an integral assembly approach, ensuring stable performance and long service life. By optimizing the tapered design of the taphole’s inner diameter, it accommodates the varying tapping time requirements of different converters.

Converter steelmaking slag‑blocking slide gate system:

During steelmaking in the converter, a slide‑gate slag‑blocking system is employed, achieving a 100% slag‑retention rate. This reduces slag carryover, lowers the levels of inclusions and harmful elements in the molten steel, cuts refining‑process costs, and improves alloy recovery.

Ladle Flow-Control Sliding Gate System:

It is used for molten steel flow control during continuous casting and mold casting. By employing a slide gate system on the tundish, the slide plate is appropriately opened, closed, or adjusted in response to the liquid level in the intermediate ladle during pouring, thereby achieving precise control of the casting process and meeting the required continuous casting withdrawal speed.

Long water inlet:

The tundish nozzle serves as the connection between the ladle and the tundish, conveying molten steel from the ladle to the tundish to ensure protected pouring and prevent secondary oxidation of the steel.

Tundish stopper and tundish nozzle:

The tundish stopper and the tundish nozzle work in concert; by opening and closing, they regulate the gap between the stopper tip and the nozzle cup, thereby enabling start‑pouring, flow control, and shut‑off. Argon purging further helps to prevent slag entrapment in the molten steel.

Immersion nozzle:

The submerged entry nozzle, connecting the tundish to the mold, conveys molten steel from the tundish into the mold, thereby protecting the casting process, preventing secondary oxidation and nitridation of the steel, and minimizing splashing; it also prevents non-metallic inclusions carried by the protective slag from being entrained into the molten steel. Additionally, it regulates the flow characteristics and injection rate of the molten steel, optimizing the temperature and flow‑field distributions within the mold.

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What are the commonly used refractory materials?

Functional refractories are precision‑manufactured refractory materials designed for specialized applications and capable of fulfilling specific functional requirements. Compared with conventional refractory products, they are distinguished by their dedicated roles in metallurgical processes; they are typically used as individual components or in combination with other auxiliary refractory products, and their fabrication adheres strictly to established production processes. Functional refractories emerged alongside the development of continuous casting technology in the steel industry and are more accurately termed “functional refractories for continuous casting.” At present, the principal refractory products employed in continuous casting include slide gates, long nozzles…

Steel production has declined, and refractory material output is likely to follow the same trend in the first quarter.

According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, in March 2022, China’s crude steel output totaled 88.295 million tons, down 6.4% year on year; for the January–March period, cumulative crude steel production reached 243.376 million tons, a decline of 10.5% compared with the same period last year. Recently, the National Development and Reform Commission and other ministries also stated that, to ensure policy continuity and stability and to consolidate gains in reducing crude steel output, nationwide efforts to cut crude steel production will continue in 2022. These measures will help achieve a year-on-year reduction in national crude steel output for 2022, guiding steel enterprises to abandon the extensive growth model focused on volume and promoting high-quality development in the steel industry. Based on crude steel production data, we can infer that refractory material output is likely to follow a downward trend as well. The main reasons are: (1) In the first quarter, overlapping environmental‑control measures during winter and spring, targeted enforcement periods, and the Lunar New Year holiday slowed the production pace of both steel and refractory manufacturers; (2) Since late February, the ongoing nationwide COVID‑19 situation, rising logistics costs, and transportation disruptions have hindered raw‑material procurement and finished‑product delivery, leading to inventory buildup for some products; and (3) Weak demand and rising production costs have kept trading activity at a subdued pace. Taking alumina—the key raw material for refractories—as an example, many alumina producers have operated at reduced capacity or with limited enthusiasm, driven by a combination of factors including higher raw‑ore prices and soaring fuel costs.

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